Forces armées Indiennes.

[Mani]

Pourquoi y a-t-il autant de fusils et camouflages différents ? Patrouille mixte ?

Il y a des gardes frontières (BSF) et des para-commandos d'où une différence au niveau des ports d'armes.

Je suppose qu'ils doivent se coordonner et concerter après la mort des deux soldats indiens.

Sinon ils sont tous Indiens pour Henri K.

[Henri K.]

Il y a des gardes frontières (BSF) et des para-commandos d'où une différence au niveau des ports d'armes.

Je suppose qu'ils doivent se coordonner et concerter après la mort des deux soldats indiens.

Sinon ils sont tous Indiens pour Henri K.

Comme j'ai très peu suivi les armes légères/fusils, je me demandais si ce sont des fusils indiens.

Henri K.

[Mani]

Comme j'ai très peu suivi les armes légères/fusils, je me demandais si ce sont des fusils indiens.

Henri K.

Concernant les fusils, ils ne sont pas tous Indiens sauf le INSAS 5.56 mm qu'on voit sur une photo, mais les autres sont Israéliens Tavor 21 (TAR-21), Belges, Tchèques et Russes.

Par contre, on ne voit pas le M-4 (US) récemment acquis par les unités spéciales indiennes.

[Mani]

Sniper indien en camo

Reportage NDTV avant le défilé de demain : http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=19875

[Dino]

L'arc est utilisé dans quelle configuration ? En tout cas, c'est du camo très efficace  =D

[debonneguerre]

L'arc est utilisé dans quelle configuration ? En tout cas, c'est du camo très efficace  =D

ce sont des chasseurs.

chasse à l’affût.

le biotiope fait pas trés indien sur ces photos, aprés je ne connais pas l'inde.. ;)

[Kiriyama]

Le Tavor est fabriqué sous licence en Inde et appelé Zitara.

[Mani]

ce sont des chasseurs.

chasse à l’affût.

le biotiope fait pas trés indien sur ces photos, aprés je ne connais pas l'inde.. ;)

Il y a différents biotopes en Inde, certains ressemblent à celui de l'Europe vers le nord.

[debonneguerre]

Il y a différents biotopes en Inde, certains ressemblent à celui de l'Europe vers le nord.

Ces arbres ont l'air superbes, vous devez avoir de belles forêts préservées là-bas.

[Mani]

Ces arbres ont l'air superbes, vous devez avoir de belles forêts préservées là-bas.

Oui, surtout dans les réserves de forêts et parcs comme Kanha http://sarathcr.blogspot.be/2010/04/kanha-in-winter.html, Gir Forest National Park, Dudhwa, Sariska, Bandhavgarh, ... mais je ne te conseille pas te promener seul même armé dans d'autres régions forestières et jungles indiennes, car tu n'auras même pas le temps de prendre ton arme avec un fauve (léopard des neiges, jaguar, tigre et lion) qui t'attrape mortellement par derrière (la tête ou la gorge), http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/caught-on-camera-leopard-attacks-forest-guard/205632

sauf contre des loups et ours.

Il y a quelques années un touriste alpiniste français parti seul en randonnée a été tué par un fauve (léopard des neiges); des pèlerins hindous et bouddhistes non-armés sont tués chaque année. Ils sont des proies faciles !

[logo]

http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/01/15/realtrees-new-xtra-camo/  ;)

[Henri K.]

Parade militaire le 26 Janvier...

Henri K.

[Mani]

INDE • Un nouveau missile rejoint l'arsenal du pays

The Hindu présente le nouveau venu de la technologie de la défense indienne : le missile Agni VI capable d'atteindre un objectif à 6 000 km. "C'est un grand pas pour l'Inde", précise le quotidien en ajoutant que l'engin peut contenir de multiples ogives nucléaires. "Un exploit de la recherche militaire du pays", raconte le journal. Le processus de conception et de construction est fini, mais la date de son premier lancement n'a pas été déterminée. En 2012, l'Inde a fait des essais avec les petits frères d'Agni VI, des missiles à plus faible portée ne contenant qu'une seule ogive nucléaire.

[Henri K.]

Jane's...

Encore un autre achat.

India moves closer to M777 howitzer acquisition

Rahul Bedi

  Bangalore

Additional reporting by

James Hardy

  Bangalore

The Indian Army is closer to its long-postponed acquisition of 145 BAE Systems M777 towed 155 mm/39 calibre lightweight howitzers (LWHs) and Laser Inertial Artillery Pointing Systems (LINAPS) after a team of its senior officers visited the United States recently to complete procurement formalities.

Personnel from the army's Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, the Directorate General of Qualitative Assurance, and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) travelled to the US Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and BAE Systems' M777 facility in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, in January to conduct the maintainability evaluation trials on the M777s.

The M777, designed by BAE Systems Global Combat Systems' facility at Barrow-in-Furness in the United Kingdom, is integrated at its Hattiesburg plant. UK government officials at Aero India 2013 in Bangalore told IHS Jane's that the meetings in the United States were a matter of "dotting the 'i's and crossing the 't's".

The trials followed the dispatch of a letter of request to the US government by the Indian MoD in November. India is acquiring the guns and LINAPS for about USD647 million via the US Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route. Officials said the trials at Fort Sill and Hattiesburg were held under India's Defence Procurement Procedures to verify that the gun's parameters conformed to the army's qualitative requirements (QRs).

The trials will be followed by a final round of negotiations on price, spares, and maintenance support before a contract is signed.

Senior army officials were uncertain whether this would be signed within the current financial year ending in March or slip into the next following the recent 12.5% cut in the MoD's INR795.79 billion (USD14.46 billion) procurement budget.

BAE Systems declined to comment directly on the trials, but a spokesperson told IHS Jane's at Aero India on 9 February that the company was "pleased at the progress on discussions between the two governments and remained optimistic regarding an early conclusion [of the tender]".

The M777s will equip two newly raised Indian Army mountain divisions deployed on India's disputed northeast frontier with China.

However, their procurement has been plagued by delays. Originally scheduled to be purchased in 2009, those plans were hampered by a rival vendor's lawsuit in the Delhi high court that was eventually resolved in April 2012. Meanwhile, in February 2012 classified documents from confirmatory firing trials held mid-2010 were sent anonymously to Army Headquarters. An inquiry into the leaking of the report was inconclusive.

Copyright © IHS Global Limited, 2013

Henri K.

[Mani]

NSG commando (Iron Fist 2013)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXDMs-y4oQk

http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-India/forceinaction/Article4-813513.aspx

[Henri K.]

Et encore un achat...

India sets out plans for $8 billion small arms procurements

Rahul Bedi

  New Delhi

The Indian Army is on a major drive to equip its 359 infantry battalions, over 100 counter-insurgency units, and special forces with a modular, multicalibre suite of small arms through imports and locally licensed manufacture worth an estimated USD7 billion to USD8 billion.

It is currently evaluating four 5.56 mm close quarter battle (CQB) carbines with a view to acquiring 44,618 units to replace the outdated 9 mm model and 33.6 million rounds of ammunition for an estimated INR20 billion (USD363 million).

This follows user trials conducted last year featuring Israel Weapon Industries' (IWI's) Galil carbine, Beretta's ARX-160, and the United States' Colt M4 and Sig Sauer SG 516 patrol rifles at the Infantry School at Mhow, central India, the western Rajasthan desert, and Leh in the northern Kashmir region.

Armament industry sources at Aero India 2013 in Bangalore told IHS Jane's that down-selection would take place by the year-end and a contract would be inked thereafter.

The contract will include a transfer of technology (ToT) to the state-owned Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) to locally build some 380,000-400,000 carbines for use not only by the army but also the paramilitaries and, eventually, the provincial police.

Meanwhile, the technical evaluation of five 5.56x45 mm assault rifles is underway. The army aims to import 66,000 rifles for around USD300 million to replace the locally developed Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) 5.56x45 mm rifle.

The army's immediate requirement is for 218,320 rifles, which will also be manufactured under licence by the OFB under a ToT. The rifles will also eventually be issued to the paramilitary and state police forces.

The contest features five models, including the Beretta ARX-160, the Czech Republic's Czeca CZ 805 Bren, and the Sig Sauer SG 551. Colt has offered what it calls the Colt Combat Rifle (CCR) - a variant of the Colt M16A1 designed for the Indian requirement, while IWI is offering the ACE 1 - a variant of its ACE rifle.

The request for proposals requires a 5.56x45 mm rifle weighing no more than 3.6 kg that can be converted to 7.62x39 mm by switching the barrel and magazine. The rifle must also be capable of being fitted with an underslung grenade launcher and of firing locally produced ammunition. Trials are expected to begin by mid-2013 and a contract should be signed in 2015.

By mid-2013 the army is also expected to re-issue tenders for around 1,200 12-gauge shotguns and around 1,100 sniper rifles for its special forces. Earlier tenders for both weapon systems were scrapped following extended trials locally and overseas between 2010 and 2011.

Copyright © IHS Global Limited, 2013

Indian army signs for 20 Cheetal helicopters

Gareth Jennings

  London

The Indian Army has procured 20 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Cheetal utility helicopters to be delivered over the next four years, the company announced on 22 February.

The Cheetal is a re-engined variant of the HAL HSA 315B Cheetah which is itself a license-produced version of the Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama. Ten have already been ordered by the Indian Air Force (IAF), but this deal marks the first order for the army.

Improvements over the Cheetah include replacing the Turbomeca Artouste IIIB turboshaft with the more powerful Turbomeca TM 333-2M2 turboshaft. Not only is this powerplant more fuel efficient, but it affords the Cheetal a superior 'hot and high' performance over the older helicopter. Other enhancements include an upgraded cockpit and systems.

News of the contract follows on shortly from the announcement at the Aero India airshow in Bangalore in early February that the Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) is expected shortly to sign the contract to upgrade the electronic warfare (EW) suites of the armed forces' HSA 315B Cheetah and HSA 316B Chetak helicopters.

This upgrade, which will be carried out by Indian company Alpha Design Technologies PVT Ltd, will see these ageing platforms fitted with the company's missile launch detection system, chaff, and flare countermeasures, as well as a flat-panel display screen in the cockpit. In addition, Elbit Systems laser warning receiver/system will also be integrated onto the aircraft to provide enhanced protection against missile threats. The EW upgrade contract covers 125 of the army's and air force's 143 helicopters.

The army operates 60 Chetak and 38 Cheetah helicopters that it procured in 1986. The IAF has in its inventory 35 Chetak and 10 Cheetah helicopters that were procured in 1965 and 1973 respectively.

The re-engined Cheetal helicopter (pictured) offers improved hot-and-high performance over the baseline Cheetah.  

1046859 The re-engined Cheetal helicopter (pictured) offers improved hot-and-high performance over the baseline Cheetah. (HAL)

Copyright © IHS Global Limited, 2013

Henri K.

[Mani]

Pinaka rockets successfully test-fired for second day

BALASORE (ODISHA): Indigenously developed 'Pinaka' rockets were successfully test-fired, on the second consecutive day on Friday, from a multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) by an armament establishment from a base in Odisha.

"Three rounds of Pinaka rockets were successfully tested today from the base at Chandipur, about 15 km from here, while three rounds had been fired yesterday," defence sources said.

Le Pinaka est un camion Lance-roquettes multiple produit et développé en Inde par Defence Research and Development Organisation pour les Forces armées indiennes. Le système, d'une portée maximum de 39-40 km tire une salve de 12 roquettes en 44 secondes. Le système est installé sur un camion Tatra. Le Pinaka s’est illustré, pour la première fois en service lors du conflit de Kargil en 1999, en neutralisant avec succès les positions ennemies sur le haut des montagnes. C’est à partir de ce moment là que le Pinaka a été introduit en grand nombre dans les Forces armées indiennes.

[actyon]

La Navy indienne va procéder a un nouveau test du BrahMos ce samedi

India is preparing to carry out a fresh trial of supersonic cruise missile BrahMos from a warship in Bay of Bengal off Andhra Pradesh coast. The test is likely to be conducted on March 9.

Defence sources said though the test was planned for February 28, it was deferred as the launching platform was not ready. The test would be conducted by Indian Navy.

Preparation is on for the test with a team of officials of range safety and communications from the Chandipur-based Integrated Test Range (ITR) camping at Visakhapatanam for the mission. “We hope to complete the preparation by end of the week and the missile will be fired at the week-end,” said a source.

Jointly developed by DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia, the BrahMos missile is capable of carrying conventional warheads up to 300 kg for a range of 390 km.

The two-stage missile is about nine metre tall and weighs 3.9 tonnes with the canister.

http://bit.ly/VHhQI2

[S-37 Berkut]

Le missile de croisière indien dévie de sa trajectoire (DRDO)

Tiré mardi depuis un polygone situé dans l'est de l'Inde, le premier missile de croisière de conception entièrement indienne Nirbhay (Intrépide) a dévié de sa trajectoire, a annoncé l'Organisation militaire pour la recherche et le développement (DRDO), précisant que le vol du missile a été interrompu à mi-chemin.

Cette information vient démentir les affirmations précédentes des médias indiens selon lesquelles le missile a neutralisé une cible navale.

Il n'en reste pas moins que le concepteur de l'engin, l'organisation DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation), estime qu'il s'agit d'un test réussi.

"Le missile de croisière à grand rayon d'action Nirbhay a été lancé à 11h50 (14h20 UTC) depuis le polygone de Chandipur et a bien rempli ses missions. Après avoir parcouru près de la moitié de la distance jusqu'à la cible, le missile a dévié de sa trajectoire. Son vol a été interrompu afin d'assurer la sécurité des régions côtières", lit-on dans le communiqué de DRDO.

Engin subsonique, le Nirbhay a été conçu par DRDO depuis 2007. D'une portée d'environ 1.000 km, ce missile peut être lancé depuis des vecteurs terrestres, maritimes et aériens.

A l'heure actuelle, l'armée indienne se dote également de missiles de croisière supersoniques BraMos mis au point conjointement avec la Russie.

http://fr.rian.ru/world/20130312/197773886.html

[Henri K.]

Le 7 Avril, l'Inde teste avec succès un missile balistique Agni-II...

http-~~-//www.youtube.com/watch?v=skGmzF7Sreo

Henri K.

[Mani]

La Russie veut gagner les appels d’offre de l’armement indien

Rosoboronexport et la société indienne Larson&Tourbo (L&T) se disputeront le droit de fournir 100 obusiers automoteurs pour l'armée indienne. Le coût total du contrat devrait atteindre 20 milliards de roupies (soit 364 millions de dollars). Un autre appel d’offre, annoncé par l’Inde a été remporté par plusieurs entreprises indiennes et étrangères, dont la société russe Rosoboronexport. Il s’agit de la livraison d’une centaine de systèmes de défense antiaérienne.

L’appel d’offre concernant la livraison des obusiers est réalisé dans le cadre du programme de modernisation de l’armée indienne. Ce programme de réarmement devrait être financé à la hauteur de 3,5 milliards de dollars. Au cours de ces dernières années, l'Inde opte pour la diversification des livraisons de l’armement. C’est pourquoi il n’est pas surprenant que plusieurs sociétés étrangères aient remporté l’appel d’offre.

L'Inde a choisi ainsi l’hélicoptère de combat Apache, mais a rejeté la proposition américaine de livrer des avions militaires, leur préférant les Rafales français. Dans le même temps, le pays coopère avec la Russie pour construire un chasseur de cinquième génération.

La société L&T participe à l’appel d’offre ensemble avec la société sud-coréenne Samsung Techwin. Ces deux sociétés proposent un obusier de 155 mm sur la base de l'appareil automoteur, à condition que ces armes soient assemblées en Inde. La Russie pourrait proposer un système d’artillerie automotrice Msta, qui a déjà été testée dans les combats et subit des modernisations régulièrement, indique le rédacteur en chef du site Vestnik PVO (Bulletin de la défense antiaérienne) Saïd Aminov.

« Le système Msta est adapté au calibre des missiles russes, mais aussi au calibre des missiles de l’OTAN. Il est équipé d'un système de guidage automatique et de contrôle du feu. L'appareil est en service dans l'armée russe et dans plusieurs pays étrangers. Récemment, la Russie a livré ce système au Venezuela ».

L'armée indienne attache beaucoup d’importance aux moyens de guerre modernes. C’est l’un des pays qui est en passe de devenir une superpuissance régionale, analyse le rédacteur en chef de la revue Natsionalnaïa oborona (Défense nationale) Igor Korotchenko.

« L'Inde a des pays rivaux sur le plan militaire, politique et géopolitique. Il s’agit du Pakistan et de la Chine. Par conséquent, le pays fait tout son possible pour moderniser son armée, y compris le développement de l’armée de terre. Le réarmement et la modernisation des armes – c’est l’une des tendances de la construction de la défense d’aujourd'hui dans le pays. L’Inde renforce sa capacité et continuera à acheter des armes en quantité croissante ».

Outre Rosoboronexport, la société française Thalès, le groupe américain General Dynamics, et l'IAI israélienne sont en lice pour remporter cet appel d’offres. La victoire de la Russie dépendra de la manière dont le pays construira sa politique marketing lors des négociations, souligne Igor Korotchenko.

« Nos systèmes de défense antiaérienne, les plus petits, mais aussi ceux qui ont un grand rayon d’action, sont très efficaces, car ils possèdent un grand potentiel dans le domaine de la défense antimissile non stratégique. C’est pourquoi nous devons collaborer étroitement avec la Syrie ».

Compte tenu du fait que le système de défense antiaérienne est construite en Inde grâce aux technologies américaines et israéliennes, la Russie aura du mal à remporter l’appel d’offre. Mais Moscou peut proposer par exemple des systèmes de défense antimissile Anteï-2500 à grand rayon d’action. Ces dispositifs sont capables d’assurer une défense antiaérienne à grande distance, tout en créant un système de défense antimissile contre des missiles de moyenne portée.

[Mani]

US to supply IED detectors to India

The May 25 Maoist attack using a 25-kg explosive device in Darba has added impetus to the UPA government's plan to acquire state-of-the-art ground penetration radars from the US to detect buried improvised explosive devices (IEDs ) in low-intensity conflict zones.

The acquisition of ultra wide band microwave radars, which can detect a seven-feet underground IED, was discussed during the Indo-US homeland security dialogue last week, home ministry sources said. "Washington is more than willing to sell the high-tech radars to New Delhi for use by security forces," they added. Delegates to the meeting were led by home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and his American counterpart Janet Napolitano.

While Indian para-military forces still use hand-held metal detectors or mine sweepers to open roads for traffic in insurgency-affected zones, the US radar -- mounted on an IED-proof vehicle (like Husky or Stryker) -- scans the road ahead, jams the device's frequency and gives a 3D picture of the buried ordnance.

The US GPR, developed after a billion-dollar research, has successfully tackled IEDs in Afghanistan and Iraq. "The GPR will be extremely effective in areas afflicted by the left-wing extremists as Maoists typically bury huge IEDs under the roads and trigger them off through remote or wire detonation. The IED used in the May 25 attack was made of ammonium nitrate and hidden under the road," a senior ministry official said.

It is learnt that New Delhi will acquire these radars through the foreign direct military sales route after the radar's trials in Indian conditions. Two Virginia-based companies are market leaders in the segment and have supplied IED detection radars to the US Army.

The US is also willing to supply port scanners so that explosives and nuclear , biological or chemicals weapons do not make their way disguised as imports into India. This hi-tech equipment, which can scan a truck at one go, will be housed at major ports across the country.

[Mani]

BrahMos can't be intercepted in next 20 years: Pillai

NEW DELHI: BrahMos, the world's only supersonic cruise missile and a symbol of the India's military prowess has been billed to be "uninterceptable" for the "next 20 years", by none other than the "father of BrahMos" himself.

"The equivalent of BrahMos is yet to built. And, in the next 20 years, it cannot be intercepted by an enemy," says A Sivathanu Pillai, scientist, and CEO and MD of BrahMos Aerospace sharing the vision for the future trajectory of growth for the iconic missile technology developed jointly by India and Russia.

Pillai, also Chief Controller (R and D), DRDO and hailed largely as the "father of BrahMos" mentions "missile technology" as one of the 10 key and "unique leap-frog technologies" for building a securer and greater future of India, "driven by youth power" in a new book which he has co-authored with the former President APJ Kalam.

Titled "Thoughts for Change: We can Do It", by two renowned scientific minds aims to be a clarion call to the youth of India to "reclaim its ancient scientific wisdom" even as it exhorts them to embrace and work towards building a future where "multiple technologies will intersect and interoperate".

"We take pride in the fact that BrahMos, world's only supersonic cruise missile, a symbol of Indo-Russian co- operation, where India provided the guidance, avionics, software and airframe components, etc, has been successfully delivered to both the Indian Navy and the Indian Army and the aerial version for the Indian Air Force too shall be ready in few years time," Pillai said in an interview.

BrahMos, developed jointly in a strategic partnership between Indian DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) and Russian NPO Mashinostroyeniya, is a stealth cruise missile with a range of 290 km and travels at a speed of Mach 2.8 to 3.

The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.

Among other technologies that the authors believe will lay the roadmap for the future of war theatres and health care, etc, in India is the convergence of Information, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (nano-info-bio).

Other technologies in the list include - Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Sciences; Sensor Technology; Materials Technology; High Energetics; Fusion Technology; Space Technology; Hypersonics and Green Technology.

"Nano-info-bio and their convergence will redefine the future as we know it, whether in changing the dynamics of the war theatre where information technology will be coupled with the existing biotechnology and the new and emerging field of nanotechnology or health care. A simple looking bird flying in the air could be a surveillance and reconnaissance device.

"As per health, drug delivery through nano tech has been tried on Parkinson's Syndrome and Epilepsy patients outside India and has shown to stop their symptoms like shaking of limbs and has even allowed them to walk, not possible otherwise. And, it is definitely a future India is looking to, given its huge youth bank," says Pillai.

Divided into five sections, the book in fact lays a special emphasis on the youth power, especially in the final section titled 'Future India' where it asks the young India to "think big" and to "assume the leadership role" in building a "knowledge society" for the world.

"India has currently 580 million youth population. And, every one among the youth of India must prepare himself or herself to do remarkable work, which will create a place for him or her in the history of the world. History is not written for cowards and one who thinks small," he said.

Fending off worries that the Indian youth has been diverted by a current phase of commercialism, the 'father of BrahMos' urges them to remain positive and "believe in the power of India".

"This current phase of commercialism luring the youth is only a temporary phase. After ten years, you will see, the youth of India will change. And, I and Mr Kalam, himself a popular force among the youth of the country, we both believe that the future of India is great. And, we have to be a positive force and not a negative one, and tackle the problems of the nation," he says.

Commenting on the lack of research culture in Indian universities and organisations, Pillai emphasised the need for government's greater attention and allocation of resources towards building a "research-based paradigm" in educational and research institutions.

"Government is spending 1.7 crore to make one IIT graduate. And, after graduation, the best brains go for either corporate jobs or to US universities, among others. And, then that country becomes a great country.

They leave because they don't have research opportunities back home and that's why we need to focus more on research - based paradigm. Because, when science grows, country grows," he said.

[bender]

l armee de terre indienne , un colosse aux pieds d argiles mais un sacré marché pour l armement , quand on regarde rien que pour l artillerie ! j avais lu que l armée indienne avais ou aurrait des problèmes dans ses gestion de stock de munitions , les affrontements " probables " sont contre la chine et le pakistan , il n y aurrait pas assez de munitions pour un conflit " classique " !

[Mani]

l armee de terre indienne , un colosse aux pieds d argiles mais un sacré marché pour l armement , quand on regarde rien que pour l artillerie ! j avais lu que l armée indienne avais ou aurrait des problèmes dans ses gestion de stock de munitions , les affrontements " probables " sont contre la chine et le pakistan , il n y aurrait pas assez de munitions pour un conflit " classique " !

Effectivement, l'armée indienne est confrontée à certains problèmes majeurs au niveau terrestre et un marché intéressant pour les fournisseurs occidentaux. Actuellement, c'est la Russie et Israël qui sont les principaux fournisseurs.